Proportion Of Essential Amino Acids Research Articles

Nutritional Value and Physicochemical Properties of Male and Female Broad-Breasted Bronze Turkey Muscle.

Colored varieties of turkeys, such as the broad-breasted Bronze, not currently subject to intensive breeding work, are kept only in amateur breeding and treated rather as ornamental poultry. They are raised in extensive systems, which undoubtedly affects the quality of the meat obtained. Consumers are looking for meat with specific and unique sensory qualities; hence, the interest in meat from turkeys with a slower-than-typical growth rate, such as the broad-breasted Bronze, is justified. The object of this research was to analyze the physicochemical properties and nutritional value (amino acid, fatty acid, and antioxidant profile) of the breast and thigh muscles of broad-breasted Bronze turkeys with regard to gender. It was shown that gender had little effect on muscle chemical composition, amino acid, and fatty acid content (p > 0.05), as well as most oxido-reduction indices. However, significant differences were noted in muscle quality traits such as color brightness (L*; turkeys > indors; p = 0.023), proportion of red (a*; turkeys < indors; p = 0.048) and yellow (b*; turkeys > indors; p = 0.039), and water absorption (turkeys < indors; p = 0.009). The type of muscle also had a significant effect on quality characteristics. Higher a*, b*, C*, pH, water absorption, and thermal leakage were shown in the femoral muscle (p < 0.001), while L* and h were higher in the pectoral muscle (p < 0.001). Turkey meat was characterized by a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA + PUFA ~68%), favorable FA index values, and low lipid oxidation indices. Thigh muscles (especially turkey) were more caloric, and contained significantly (p < 0.001) more fat and all major FA groups. Breast muscles (especially of turkeys) were characterized by a high protein content (about 25%) and a high proportion of essential amino acids. The data obtained indicate that broad-breasted Bronze turkeys can provide high-quality meat, and are an excellent option for meeting modern consumer needs.

The biochemical composition and its relation to color of Ulva spp. upon harvest time

AbstractGreen seaweed species of the genus Ulva are promising protein sources for food production. Various factors affect the biochemical composition of Ulva spp. (hereafter Ulva), which can complicate the utilization in a commercial scale food production. This study investigated the composition of Ulva harvested in 2021 in May (dark green/black biomass), June (light green biomass) and August (mixed colored biomass). The August harvest was divided into three different color codes: light green, green, and dark green/black, to explore a relation between color and composition as an indicator for biomass quality. The crude protein (CP) and ash contents were highest in the dark August biomass (16.4±0.4% and 35.9±3.0% of dry matter (DM), respectively) and in the dark biomass harvested in May (20.6±0.5% and 41.2±3.9% of DM, respectively). The light green Ulva harvested in June had a lower CP content (6.5±1.5% of DM) similarly to what was observed for light green biomass in August (7.7±0.1% of DM). The light green biomasses were found to have a higher nitrogen to amino acid (N-to-AA) conversion factor and proportion of essential amino acids (EAA). The lipid content ranged between 1.0-2.2±0.1-0.2% of DM for the different biomasses and a higher lipid content was related with a lighter biomass color. Phosphorus and potassium concentrations were highest in the green fraction, whereas the darker green/black biomass had higher contents of all other elements, including the toxic elements, arsenic and cadmium. Graphical abstract

Amino acid composition of proteins of hulled and naked oats

The expansion of the production of products with specified functional indicators (cereals, bakery products, pasta, desserts, muesli, yogurts) and feed with a certain amino acid composition is the main task of the food industry and the feed industry, and naked oats have firmly occupied their own niche in these areas of processing. The purpose of the research is to establish the amino acid composition of oat proteins of the hulled oat variety Konkur and naked varieties Bekas and Baget, to assess the balance of essential amino acids in oat proteins relative to the «reference protein» (amino acid scale according to FAO / WHO data) in order to use grain as an additive in food and feed to increase the proportion of essential amino acids in them. The research was carried out during 2018-2022 at the experimental base of the Samara Research Institute of Agriculture. Grain samples of the varieties of filmy and naked oats Konkur, Bekas and Baget were used as experimental material. It was found that the highest proportion of essential amino acids was observed in varieties of naked oats 39,9-41,0 g/kg. The sum of critical amino acids (lysine, methionine, tryptophan) in naked oat varieties was 9,4-9,6 g/kg, which is 1,1-1,3 g/kg higher than in the filmy variety Konkur. According to studies, 1 g of Konkur variety protein contains 249,7 mg of essential amino acids, proteins of naked oat variety Bekas - 268,4 mg and Baget variety - 262,9 mg, which corresponds to 69,4 %, 74,6 % and 73,0 % relative to FAO/WHO recommended standards. The excess of some essential amino acids in naked oat varieties (amino acid score over 100 %) contributed to the imbalance in the ratio of essential amino acids to the «reference» values, while increasing the coefficient of difference in amino acid scores (KRAS protein of Konkur variety was 24,2 %, Bekas variety 33,9 %, varieties Baget 35,5 %), thereby contributing to a decrease in the biological value of the proteins of the varieties Bekas and Baget in relation to the protein of the filmy variety Konkur. Grain of naked oats with a high content of essential amino acids should be used as an ingredient in the production of food and feed with high nutritional value.

Optimization and Characterization of Lupin Protein Isolate Obtained Using Alkaline Solubilization-Isoelectric Precipitation.

The trend in today's society is to increase the intake of vegetable protein instead of animal protein. Therefore, there is a concern to find new sources of alternative protein. In this sense, legumes are the main protein source of vegetable origin. Of all of them, lupins are the ones with higher protein content, although they are currently undervalued as an alternative for human consumption. In this sense, it is vital to characterize and obtain protein isolates from this legume, which satisfies the growing demand. Therefore, in the present work, the procedure for obtaining a lupin (Lupinus luteus) protein isolate (LPI), based on basic solubilization followed by isoelectric precipitation, has been optimized and validated. The optimized LPI, as well as the lupin flour, were subsequently characterized. The chemical composition, physicochemical, as well as the technofunctional properties of the LPI were analyzed. The results show that the proposed procedure had a high yield (23.19 g LPI/100 g flour) and allowed to obtain high-purity protein isolates (87.7 g protein/100 g LPI). The amino acid composition and the chemical scores show high proportions of essential amino acids, being protein deficient only in methionine and valine. Therefore, it can be affirmed that it is a high-quality protein that meets the requirements proposed by the FAO. Regarding the lipid fraction, it is mainly composed of unsaturated fatty acids (C18:1n-9 and C18:2n-6), which is also advisable in order to follow a healthy diet. Finally, LPI showed interesting technofunctional properties (foaming, gelling, emulsifying, water and oil absorption, and solubility), which makes it especially attractive for use in the food industry.

The Non-Nutritional Factor Types, Mechanisms of Action and Passivation Methods in Food Processing of Kidney Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): A Systematic Review.

Kidney beans (KBs), as a traditional edible legume, are an important food crop of high nutritional and economic value worldwide. KBs contain a full range of amino acids and a high proportion of essential amino acids, and are rich in carbohydrates as well as vitamins and minerals. However, KBs contain a variety of non-nutritional factors that impede the digestion and absorption of nutrients, disrupt normal metabolism and produce allergic reactions, which severely limit the exploitation of KBs and related products. Suppressing or removing the activity of non-nutritional factors through different processing methods can effectively improve the application value of KBs and expand the market prospect of their products. The aim of this review was to systematically summarize the main types of non-nutritional factors in KBs and their mechanisms of action, and to elucidate the effects of different food processing techniques on non-nutritional factors. The databases utilized for the research included Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Scopus. We considered all original indexed studies written in English and published between 2012 and 2023. We also look forward to the future research direction of producing KB products with low non-nutritional factors, which will provide theoretical basis and foundation for the development of safer and healthier KB products.

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Orange-Footed Sea Cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa)-Effect of Different Enzymes on Protein Yield and Bioactivity.

While sea cucumber is a food delicacy in Asia, these food resources are less exploited in Europe. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition and potential food applications of the less exploited orange-footed sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa). In particular, the antioxidative capacity and free amino acids associated with the umami flavor released by enzymatic hydrolyses by either Bromelain + Papain (0.36%, 1:1) or Alcalase (0.36%) were studied. Fresh C. frondosa contained approximately 86% water, and low levels of ash (<1%) and lipids (<0.5%). The protein content was 5%, with a high proportion of essential amino acids (43%) and thus comparable to the FAO reference protein. The high concentration of free amino acids associated with umami, sour, sweet, and bitter may contribute to flavor enhancement. Hydrolysis by Bromelain + Papain resulted in the highest protein yield, and the greatest concentration of free amino acids associated with umami and sour taste. All samples showed promising antioxidant capacity measured by FRAP, ABTS, DPPH and ORAC compared to previous reports. The inorganic arsenic concentration of fresh C. frondosa ranged from 2 to 8 mg/kg wet weight and was not affected by processing. This is comparable to other seafood and may exceed regulatory limits of consumption.

Effect of temperature on the growth, feeding performance, gonadal development, and nutritive compositions in the muscle of fry stream groupers, Acrossocheilus fasciatus

AbstractTo determine the optimal temperature in rearing of fry stream groupers, Acrossocheilus fasciatus, a total of 540 fry fish with an initial body weight of (0.57 ± 0.16) g, and body length of (4.08 ± 0.40) cm were randomly distributed to 18 15‐L tanks and reared at six different temperatures (12, 16, 20, 24, 26, and 28°C) for a period of 60 days. Fish were hand‐fed to satiation under all six different temperature treatments. At the end of the experiment, almost all the growth, feeding, and gonadal development parameters were higher in the 26°C group than in the rest of the groups. As temperature increased from 12 to 26°C, the specific growth rate and feeding efficiency of fry significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05). When temperature reached 28°C, these parameters were significantly lower than in the 26°C group (p &lt; 0.05). The histological structure of the gonads showed that in the 26°C group, a large number of sperm cells resided in the testis in a free condition, and many yolk granules aggregated together and formed plates in the ovary. This histological information indicated that the gonadal maturity of fish in the 26°C group was higher than that of the other groups. Thus showing a turning point of growth, feeding, and gonadal development in the 26°C group. In relation to the nutritive compositions of muscle tissue, fish reared at 16°C exhibited the highest content of amino acids and fatty acids. These parameters significantly (p &lt; 0.05) decreased as the temperature increased from 16 to 28°C. The proportion of essential amino acids (EAA/NEAA) and unsaturation of fatty acids (∑UFA/FA) did not show significant temperature influence (p &gt; 0.05). In conclusion, increases in temperature significantly improved the growth rate, feeding performance, and gonadal development rate of fry A. fasciatus. Regression analysis based on growth and feeding performance showed that the optimal temperature of rearing fry A. fasciatus was 23.81–26.57°C.

Effect of Seaweed Extracts on Crop Growth and Soil: A Review

Seaweed is the common name for countless species of marine plants and algae that grow in the ocean. The seaweed cultivated by bamboo raft, tube mesh and stone method and harvested generally by acid, alkali and water extraction. However, the mostly commercially available in market, which is extracted by processing of bio refinery method. These seaweeds consist of 80-90% moisture. The dry seaweed extracts contains 50% carbohydrates, protein 10-47% with high proportions of essential amino acids, 1-3% lipids and 7-38% minerals. The essential nutrients contain in seaweeds are nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous, calcium, magnesium, sulphur, iron, sodium, zinc, and copper. Seaweed extracts are available in market viz, Sagarika, Kelp, Sea Secret, Sivarika, Solumax, Biovita etc. The soil application of liquid seaweed extracts through drip @ 0.5-1 L-1 water and foliar @ 2-5 ml L‑1 of water at various critical growth stages of different crops. The application granules of seaweed were recommended @10-20 kg acre-1 during sowing or standing crops. The application of seaweed extracts either through drip or direct application to soil at lower concentrations were positively impact on germination, shoot growth, root growth, nutrient use efficiency, soil properties, soil microbes, biotic stress, abiotic stress and crop yields.

The results of the initial introduction of &lt;i&gt;Bupleurum aureum&lt;/i&gt; Fisch. ex Hoffm. in the middle taiga subzone of the Komi Republic

The paper summarizes the results of a long-term introduction study of plants of golden boletus in the collection of medicinal plants of the Botanical Garden of the Institute of Biology of the Komi Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The primary introduction of the species into new growing conditions became possible only by transferring living plants to cultivation from the places of natural growth of the Tomsk Region, followed by propagation of plants from seeds of their own reproductions. The optimal methods of seed propagation of this species in the conditions of the North were revealed: winter sowing with freshly harvested seeds and self-sowing of seeds with further transplantation of emerging seedlings to a new plot with a feeding area of 30 30 cm golden is distinguished by high survival rate, winter hardiness and stability in the coenosis. The mass transition of plants into the generative period occurred in the second third year of life. The phenology and dynamics of plant growth have been studied. The rhythm of the seasonal development of plants in. golden in culture in the North corresponds to the new soil and climatic conditions of cultivation. The growing season is 96100 days. Golden boletus regularly forms full-fledged seeds, which, after undergoing natural stratification under snow cover, germinate in the spring and give a large self-sowing. Real seed productivity (the number of mature full-fledged seeds) in plants c. golden of different ages varies over the years from 420 to 570 seeds per shoot. The morphobiological signs of the generative shoot were studied in culture and the amplitude of their variability was determined. High and very high levels of individual variability of signs of the floral zone of the shoot indicate the possibility of targeted selection of more productive individuals within the population. For the first time, data on the content of proteins and its amino acid composition in plants are presented. The mass fraction of nitrogen (in terms of crude protein) in the aboveground phytomass was 1,51,8%. In proteins from aboveground phytomass, 17 amino acids were identified, including 7 essential ones (threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, lysine). The proportion of essential amino acids averaged 39% of the total. The highest rates were noted for amino acids: glutamic, aspartic, leucine, lysine, alanine and valine 13,1, 10,7, 9,2, 8,1, 6,7 and 6,2% respectively.

Content of Amino Acids in Plants at Different Levels of Lead in the Soil

The effect of lead on the amino acid composition of annual fodder grasses was studied. It was found that in response to soil pollution in plants, the content of nitrogen and amino acids in the composition of proteins increased. Significant changes in the content of nitrogen and most amino acids in the legume plant occurred at a content of mobile lead from 2.2 to 10.0 mg/kg. The contamination caused an increase in the relative content of proline and aspartic acid and a decrease in the proportion of glutamic acid in pea proteins. In the biomass of oats, the relative content of aspartic and glutamic acids has increased, the proportion of proline has decreased. Starting from the concentration of lead in the soil of 5.5 mg/kg, the proportion of essential amino acids in the proteins of the legume plant decreased.

Evaluation of Meat Quality of Local Pigeon Varieties in China.

To evaluate the germplasm characteristics and nutritional value of Chinese native pigeon varieties, this study analyzed the nutrient composition of the meat of four Chinese native pigeon varieties and then compared them with those of the White King pigeon, which is the most commonly used in China. A total of 150 pigeons aged 28 d (squabs) of 5 breeds including Taihu pigeon, Shiqi pigeon, Ta-rim pigeon, Boot pigeon, and White King pigeon were selected for slaughter. The basic meat quality parameters and contents of conventional nutritional compositions, inosine acid, amino acids, and fatty acids were measured. The results showed that there were significant differences in flesh color (L*, b*), pH, and water loss rate of different breeds of suckling pigeons (p < 0.05). Compared with White King pigeons, four local breeds had dark breast meat and a low water loss rate. The protein contents of Taihu, Tarim, and Shiqi suckling pigeons were significantly higher than those of White King pigeons (p < 0.05). Taihu pigeons had the highest protein content, reaching 22.72%. The inosinic acid content of Tarim pigeons was the highest (1.31 mg/g) and was significantly higher than that of Shiqi pigeons, Boot pigeons, and White King pigeons (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the content of amino acids, the ratio of essential amino acids, and the ratio of umami amino acids in the meat of different breeds of pigeons (p > 0.05). The percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in the breast muscle of local breeding pigeons was significantly lower than that of White King pigeons (p < 0.05), and the percentages of lauric acid, palmitic acid, eicosanoic acid, and behenic acid in SFAs reached significant levels (p < 0.05). The content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in the meat of Taihu pigeons was significantly higher than that in other breeds. In conclusion, compared with the White King pigeon, the meat of local breed pigeons (Taihu pigeon, Shiqi pigeon, Tarim pigeon, and Boot pigeon) had dark flesh, good water retention, high protein and inosine contents, a high proportion of essential amino acids, and a low saturated fatty acid ratio. In addition, Taihu pigeons had the highest protein content (22.72%), monounsaturated fatty acids (44.58%), and EPA (0.47%) compared to other breeds.

The Surprising Health Benefits of Papaya Seed

Nutritionists are looking for alternative protein sources and functional feedstuffs that can replace the role of antibiotic growth promoter skin chicken production as a result of the continual increase in the price of protein feed component sand the removal of antibiotics from diets. The seed from ripe papayas can be used as alternative protein feed element for poultry due to its crude protein content of 24–30%, in vitro protein digestibility of 80%, and proportion of essential amino acids of 47%.Additionally,papaya seed may have the ability to function as a feed ingredient that can take the place of antibiotic growth

Comparative Study of the Nutritional Composition and Antioxidant Ability of Soups Made from Wild and Farmed Snakehead Fish (Channa Argus)

In recent years, fish soup has become an important product for commercial processing of fish due to its health effects. In this study, nutritional composition and antioxidant ability of soups prepared from farmed and wild snakehead fish were analyzed (hereafter FS and WS soup, respectively). For the FS soup, the proximate composition of protein, fat, ash, free amino acids, and soluble peptides were 2.55%, 0.89%, 0.92%, 0.47%, and 0.62%, respectively. The total amino acid was 390.11 mg/ g, and the proportion of essential amino acid was 27.59%. The total fatty acid was 13.64 g/100 g, of which monounsaturated fatty acid was 5.78 g/100 g, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid 3.50 g/100 g, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid 0.41 g/100 g, respectively. The contents of Zn and Ca were 9.04 mg/ kg and 1.13 mg/ g, respectively. The DPPH radical-scavenging ability, Fe2+ chelating ability, and hydroxyl radical-scavenging ability was 57.89%, 21.21%, and 25.61%, respectively. Overall, there was no obvious difference in the nutritional composition and antioxidant activity between the FS and WS soups. The protein content (1.90%) of the WS soup was relatively lower, but the total fatty acid (16.22 g/100 g), MUFA (7.17 g/100 g), and Zn (12.57 mg/ kg) contents were significantly higher.

Biomorphological features of plants and amino acid composition of &lt;i&gt;Agastache anisatus&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Agastache rugosa&lt;/i&gt; (Lamiaceae) proteins under culture conditions in the North

This paper summarizes the results of a long-term collection study of the growth and development of plants of two species of polygrate Agastache anisatus and A. rugosa (Lamiaceae) in the Botanical Garden of the Institute of Biology, Komi Scientific Center, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. The material for the study was attracted according to the exchange lists of seeds from other botanical gardens and abroad. Under the conditions of the culture of the middle taiga subzone of the Komi Republic, both types of multi-grate behave like juvenile herbaceous plants. Seeds of these species do not need pre-sowing preparation. When sown in open ground at the end of May the first ten days of June, mass seedlings were noted on the 1220th day, depending on the weather conditions of the season. During the first year of life, the plants successively passed through all phases of the pregenerative period, and only 510% of plants passed into the generative period in September, forming one shoot up to 4045 cm high with 13 inflorescences. Winter hardiness of plants of the pregenerative period is quite high, 7085%. The following year, plant regrowth was observed in mid may. They entered the flowering phase at the end of July August, forming 35 generative shoots per individual 5080 cm high, branched in the upper part of the stem up to the second or third order. At the same time, under the conditions of a short northern summer, for 120130 days of vegetation, plants of the second year of life are able to form abundant self-sowing, but as a result, winter hardiness of plants fell to 10%. Overwintering was tolerated by single individuals, 24 specimens from 2030 generative plants. A more optimal option for growing multi-grate plants in the north is the seedling method. When plants were planted at the age of 3040 days in early June in open ground with an optimal feeding area of 40 40 cm, large branched shoots 5065 cm high were formed, which until mid-September went through the phases of flowering and fruiting, forming mature seeds. Winter hardiness of seedlings of plants of the first year of life is low. It has been established that under the culture conditions of the middle taiga subzone of the Komi Republic, plants of the multi-grate are able to accumulate a large amount of nitrogenous substances in the aboveground phytomass. Thus, a high content of crude protein was found in the aboveground phytomass of plants of the first and second years of life 26,228,8% in Agastache anisatus and 21,922,5% A. rugosa. 17 amino acids, including 7 essential amino acids, were found and determined in the above-ground phytomass of plants of polygonium. The proportion of essential amino acids varied from 34 to 39%. The highest indicators in the raw plant phytomass were noted for amino acids: glutamic, aspartic, leucine, proline, lysine and arginine 13,0, 10,7, 9,0, 8,6, 7,5 and 6,4% respectively.

High-efficiency decomposition of eggshell membrane by a keratinase from Meiothermus taiwanensis

Eggshell membrane (ESM), a plentiful biological waste, consists of collagen-like proteins and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as hyaluronic acid (HA). Here we used a keratinase (oeMtaker)-mediated system to decompose ESM. The best reaction condition was established by incubating the solution containing oeMtaker, sodium sulfite, and ESM with a weight ratio of 1:120:600. ESM enzymatic hydrolysate (ESM-EH) showed a high proportion of essential amino acids and type X collagen peptides with 963–2259 Da molecular weights. The amounts of GAGs and sulfated GAGs in ESM-EH were quantified as 6.4% and 0.7%, respectively. The precipitated polysaccharides with an average molecular weight of 1300–1700 kDa showed an immunomodulatory activity by stimulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) production. In addition, a microorganism-based system was established to hydrolyze ESM by Meiothermus taiwanensis WR-220. The amounts of GAGs and sulfated GAGs in the system were quantified as 0.9% and 0.1%, respectively. Based on our pre-pilot tests, the system shows great promise in developing into a low-cost and high-performance process. These results indicate that the keratinase-mediated system could hydrolyze ESM more efficiently and produce more bioactive substances than ever for therapeutical applications and dietary supplements.

Digestibility of seaweed protein from Ulva sp. and Saccharina latissima in rats

Seaweed is gaining attention as a sustainable source of protein. However, the nutritional protein quality needs further investigation to explore the potential of seaweed as a protein source. This study evaluates in vivo digestibility of six different seaweed protein products, four from Ulva sp. and two from Saccharina latissima. Ulva sp. was either preserved in a preservation liquid and spin flash-dried, freeze-dried without any pre-treatment or protein was extracted from the crude biomass with a screw press and isoelectrically precipitated (pH 2.5) with or without sulfite addition during extraction. Saccharina latissima was either freeze-dried or fermented with lactic acid bacteria prior to freeze-drying. The digestibility of the seaweed products was tested in a rat trial, where seaweed protein products constituted 50% of the nitrogen (N) in diets, the other 50% of N coming from whey protein concentrate. The protein concentration and proportion of essential amino acids (EAA) were increased upon protein extraction from Ulva sp. and the ash content was reduced. This led to an increased N digestibility of 55.5 ± 2.7% for the protein extract without sulfite, being 10–13%-points higher than for the other Ulva sp. products. The sulfite addition seemed to counteract the effect of extraction regarding the N digestibility. Fermentation of S. latissima increased the total amino acid content along with increased EAA proportion and lowered the ash content. However, the fermentation did not improve the organic matter, ash or N digestibility.Digestibility was in general low, but this study demonstrates the potential to increase seaweed N digestibility by more than 20% through protein extraction.

Socio-Economic Factors of the Edible Insects&amp;#39; Market Development

Due to the increase in the population on the planet, there is a question of an acute shortage of food. A particularly global problem is the lack of protein &ndash; the primary building material for all body tissues, organs, and systems. Modern scientists consider algae, microorganisms, and insects to be alternative protein sources. Studies of insect protein show a complete amino acid composition with a fairly large proportion of essential amino acids. In addition to protein, the insect body cont

Phytochemical composition and nutritional characterization of qamgur (Brassica rapa L.) in different forms

The purpose of this paper is to determine the phytochemical composition and evaluate the nutritional value of qamgur (Brassica rapa L., a characteristic crop in Xinjiang). The fresh qamgur was processed with hot air drying and freeze drying and then sliced into FD qamgur slices and ground into qamgur powders. The results show that qamgur powders and FD qamgur slices are rich in the nutrients essential for human health, such as total sugar (41.4 and 44.8 g/100 g), polysaccharide (16.3 × 103 and 20.4 × 103 g/100 g), Vitamin C (39.3 and 46.5 g/100 g), flavonoids (45.0 and 33.0 g/100 g) and total saponins (46.0 and 30.0 g/100 g) compared with the fresh qamgur. Moreover, major elements and micro elements analysis were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and the results showed that an abundant number of mineral elements (e.g. K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn) were found in qamgur. The content of Ca was 4.5×103 mg/kg, 15.7 mg/kg for Zn, and 81.1 mg/kg for Fe. Similarly, the highest protein value was observed in the qamgur powders (12.4 g/100 g), whereas the fresh samples contained only 2.78 g/100 g. In addition, the proportion of essential amino acids (EAA) and nonessential amino acids (NEAA) of the powders were 59.7% and 40.3%, whereas for the FD slices, they were 61.0% and 39.0%. Overall, the nutritional value of qamgur was significantly improved through processing. So, in this paper, we provide the theoretical basis for the study on the nutritional value of qamgur and the development of medicinal foods and functional foods.

Impact of Huanglongbing Pathogen Infection on the Amino Acid Composition in Both Citrus Plants and the Asian Citrus Psyllid.

The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri is the main vector of the pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), which is the causal agent of citrus Huanglongbing disease. Feeding by both ACP nymphs and adults on host plants allows them to obtain nutrition. Therefore, the nutritional content within the plant phloem is of much importance for the development and reproduction of ACP. The infection by pathogenic microbiomes may affect the amino acid contents of their host plants and then indirectly affect the biology of sap-feeding insects. In this study, we investigated the amino acid contents and their proportions in both CLas-infected and CLas-free citrus plants, ACP adults, and also in honeydew produced by ACP nymphs. Results showed that infection by CLas had a large impact on the amino acid species and proportion in all the tested target plants, ACP adults, and in the honeydew of ACP nymphs. The content of total amino acids in CLas-infected citrus was much higher than that of CLas-free citrus. However, CLas infection significantly reduced the proportion of essential amino acids (EAAs) in these plants. When feeding on CLas-infected citrus plants, ACP adults absorbed less total amino acids than those adults feeding on healthy plants, but the proportion of EAAs was significantly higher when they fed on CLas-infected citrus plants. The proportion of EAAs also significantly increased in the honeydew secreted by ACP nymphs that fed on CLas-infected citrus plants. However, EAA detection in the honeydew of ACP nymphs indicated that the utilization rate of EAAs by CLas positive ACP nymphs was reduced. Our study has revealed that CLas infection significantly affects the contents, proportion, and utilization efficiency of different amino acids in citrus plants, ACP adults, and nymphs, leading to a developmental pattern of ACP that is more conducive to CLas transmission.

Influence of an increased content of pea and yellow lupin protein in the diet of pigs on meat quality

BackgroundThe aim of the study was to test the effect of replacing soya beans with pea and yellow lupin seeds in the diet of pigs on meat quality. The meat for the tests was obtained from 60 fattening crossbred pigs F1 (Polish Large White × Polish Landrace)  × F1 (Pietrain × Duroc). The animals belonged to three feeding groups depending on the feed used with the total share of soybeans and its reduction. Water holding capacity, colour, and tenderness were measured and visual and tactile evaluation (colour, marbling and firmness) was performed for meat samples collected from the longissimus lumborum muscle. The chemical composition of the meat and the content of minerals were determined. The content of amino acids, fatty acids and cholesterol was determined.ResultsThere was no significant differences among the assessed physicochemical characteristics of the meat. The obtained meat was of good quality, regardless of the proportion of proteins from legumes in the diet of pigs. The results of the subjective evaluation of meat, its colour, and the content of muscle pigments were uniform in all food groups. Similarly, a uniform, high protein content was found in all tested groups (C—24.98%; E1—24.82%; E2—25.09%) and the content of macro- and micronutrients in the tested meat was equivalent. The profile of fatty acids was not significantly affected by dietary treatment. Palmitoleic acid content was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the E2 group compared to the E1 group (3.279% compared to 2.844%). The content of amino acids in meat samples was influenced by dietary treatment. Almost all the monitored essential amino acids (threonine, valine, leucine, phenylalanine and lysine) and some of nonessential amino acids’ proportion was increased in the experimental groups (E1, E2).ConclusionReplacing soya bean protein in the pigs’ diet with legume protein (peas and yellow lupin) did not adversely affect meat quality. This applies to both the physicochemical characteristics, the basic composition and the fatty acid profile. The meat of fattening pigs fed with the highest proportion of pea and lupin in the ration was characterized by more favourable proportion of essential amino acids.